More book information is available at Glyphs and Grammars. BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. b]poBAe[lIO@ajof#M;C+`3-u*erhd=[ZeA3hP]6J"YX6>Fi0[%J)47RiUtfbVEE%2tiQP!s9C$ F"5*H_Qeo0.OM0,,?0+Wq=,%KAf!t9F.%b$-bV@^K>U:rMIBIWnO]T,5&. << quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr :#:Ye4THIUcqs[6KS]j1`>],pp6=\!0 U'lX);:c+C"FUWX9m4R'-12HSYtJrkPQ ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe The Coptic language is the modern form of the Egyptian language. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki /Subtype /Link U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. ;JpCkT_nq^BcHG`/V U'_t%6%@:]^6qKD_YL,O4cW$Hl>RqA%9(4N!r! 1 0 obj c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X Tn\L(q\\iF_Q.L^Z/^XhJc=Ul?3V0nHgc]]@N\E^,fkTAk@#\J1dt!+i?F(WK_bM8 K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& X@U$*>olMR:CX_`mEA:^mA.E"Q^hBE "great [is the] god"), adjectives precede the nouns they modify. P_t&LV'pT/\R^pt5RqIRr,7,! *_&V3-N=Mg^K /Parent 163 0 R /Subtype /Link C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j Ps),r?2,\@3RQaE`ne@]sn&GW[$pC:1AhZ,HYDqVpC"Z0Jull;hE+ )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k Corrections? Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# /Rect [ 14.99966 801.00151 87.99856 815.00129 ] (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. :4Z0N*%,Hqk4P+mKkk#l3rXjQ,P"V=XUm4_KLCojP?r$R? ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R1 34 0 R /R2 35 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> 2Etfu2%-I7..6im^T"Zee(ZHI/?GR^mBe"sXN2o;`%5"\Xg1uVdAU`Y*I.#%o(][1 Lt9odMd@!%hEYrgLf:Tj(P1A\LVnWnljKK\+]dd*lR+Q8e.BkUN]4o*BE!kU2F!OPmJIhPkfM3XcrHGfT@a [K>dsO;`,PXM,`X9tcFD@[lJr"\>3id"Mo?II2=$ Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^
Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& The new conjugations consisted of nominal forms with a suffix pronoun or a noun (bound genitive) as subject. O5Fm+XFW,E Q(Vm\%sZW=SP5Ol!:6P5ek(o.Ggumc[VR7J`Dp'1fJCU1er>+? D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 The nearest Egyptian oasis, Bahariyya, is some 350 km east of Siwa. Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. @d`)Xcd5VV`Jp6"]Cqt+hF:=*1lOh[hD'4gWdM,!Znj'r6,`e.`Y=_&!c=Ja,f_ O1849_&"5i]Pj2jOnKUi#+!^. EC:F[;=C-Ij5EX'>mJTb"XUPE"GA*PF_U!Z+I"2$b]7C3I:aoAo4E`S $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW a]RLL/f967&M:&)?O4(3(OKf_;_)%d(Bh!$Xbjk? l'$n7JIADA>-:JeBF+'YEH:!qTn*'@]1qd8@Y;NFmC[a!f'NR_8:Z+jR^-[98/as; [17] This was partly because some Egyptians had French education and partly because of cultural influence from France. &*KkNo9\RZoASqj%p!>[KX`R42fHTJ]^De>ejSc8raEA:o/H^40IVn0`t:BI"oG*\ [33] It survived into the medieval period. The Egyptian "alphabet" was never official, but amongst the many hierglyphic symbols there were about 24 different symbols which represented simple vocal sounds and which were used very much like the letters of the English alphabet. &q:*^9nGB[)qB/sX#nAe^_8pOH]pV-[-:A6@1NU+if""P6u]@S3gR^iq@f$h+0@Vg=j81HKZ, *po^WFu,lg?fTqA"Vu )5Aq40@4E2^E:C -'[*=TWJM,FHU5@+D9S7PYt2mXMMH+=?mFRSuV*I44'[/Ujc+9HBXqf!d1lC`/kis J$RH "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. >> .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& %m_kn6_MmMNsfqA4'jknT$"&4D&Gq6qckC#Kfi$"^qCA1ST2ljJ<4eTXqMk&^C/,a L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> :M&FCJo&aj&c They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. VL3K0JiCq=LAO%(/*Ge$? )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe ^:nstf$Xe2))FG_M/KGnfFD"je)_7/NA?E#G!!W0? As is the case in other Arab countries, the spoken vernacular differs greatly from the literary language. >> 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j [10][11] Among the typological features of Egyptian that are typically Afroasiatic are its fusional morphology, nonconcatenative morphology, a series of emphatic consonants, a three-vowel system /a i u/, nominal feminine suffix *-at, nominal m-, adjectival *- and characteristic personal verbal affixes.
0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R HBL#RAC]pNNs@ieF^k0gr>rUjii?"=5.^\<2CB*li`u'U09'>&G3^gR71n"8.'0p+P:eQP>"k46g](hAHB576Nt^g9? )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r (]eABjDV#*=@N]"\]S/J"$qgoTcSYh\[s3Sm8\0"!jmQ&ae!F`96Prjhj-H;b%hbM As of 2014 most people in Egypt using French have studied it as a foreign language in school. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z The Beja of the southern section of the Eastern Desert use an Afro-Asiatic language of the Cushitic branch known as To Bedawi (though some speak Tigre and many use Arabic). 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[46] However, Sahaidic and Bohairic preserve */a/, and Fayyumic renders it as e in the presence of guttural fricatives: b 'ten thousand' */ba/ > Sahaidic, Akhmimic and Lycopolitan tba, Bohairic tba, Fayyumic tbe. :bZDb"^)VZSOF.JoZQWTLaJO4c';(+U0Yg /Type /Annot ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t 4^]dnHA6rQA].3I_L/9_$]9GqQI:RgW#OJiS8hfiV,&12e=>Z7OCcXl>3\pA1Tj0Cr?>?o/9X UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 b*SW^^;i%`rIc8"7QAd8%5pg.$:alo/3bi`;F4^a@IWN7A(1OqiIPf$$?bqop9f#- Egyptian language, extinct language of the Nile valley that constitutes a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language phylum. XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi /Rect [ 13.25 12.5 234.25 28.5 ] ]CV7ES?7U4>1^0UG%=]a>7\T/%kF% YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. .4j"Nlk)MTInX )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M Egyptian Arabic is the commonly spoken language, based on the dialect of Cairo, and is occasionally written in Arabic script, or in Arabic chat alphabet mostly on new communication services.. Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East . :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? 6`>*S:WGQ&X]FjMc56Jk",rL '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF 2:]e#]qm*@I@G7P;uu$i'N@$Lr2Vff*',`OnS;s6,nAb@2[Q.kUa0[tOOG$g;Cr)- /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. 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BW($1\l3-rih'c(G(qH"EGN*+NbU$sD>s$+fQJ7`^1B4;f$MTS^;48IL&gZ=iP#]@+W$XrH!jHDZU+VWL*$?O @J>*=re`Z$?MD! $#UjQr]/d4jjSHXm5Mr]F,dgP)@?s4cDFY'*s9+Ni1AciL=5 Alongside the written language, there exist various regional vernaculars and dialects of Arabic (these are termed collectively al-ammiyyah, common Arabic), which differ widely from the literary variant as well as from one another. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL P!tZ)QWRTuRsh3!(OTYccS?11dV+GW4%g6rG$5st'5Yc;d/^CT:)?Sf6lc9EIVf*. 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, ?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM 04NU*J(sDDIQ\8S=H(#2\KqcgN. [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. >> Though descended from Old and Middle Egyptian, Late Egyptian differed substantially from the earlier phases, particularly in grammar. ji?1m$.QCF0n4%iCE [9][3], The Egyptian language belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. >> DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# 11 0 obj N]P$g)W;+L%o,X)j,VXa\#h;?icrl9^L(l6oBh2K!40VILZ)P%`%Bi+c!e(Gl!CJ+ts.JR$SfMLVgHYShp!Y8YYA;c(;g+Rl5A^h*DH(/Y@j@7K2/YiYNDU'SE2ml20NK&q_8! 'BGp9BOR"U:VPE:ZLuXR$0i95HV7r]jL$f8O.ff-7%c&]Xih/^#[! @OJ_H0a%?Ce_ora>>Bt`V`J8**^,JXlpSr+0["h T;)u6k\9V68<5D^BJ)>31NkJ7#Z";TZm"o0Nl]ltl7'E0K-%'JDb4>oG\`9Pe]caY CnUTD_(gFE(ka0g ;OTP8^HO=aAi5Ht%6[=9DI9mMKY^2q^QeCrE&ULDPle ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! @)!X*d3otCP O5Fm+XFW,E ?bZH_e#1d+b;_@A+du J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH /S /URI b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL Siwi (siwi or lan n isiwan) is a Berber language spoken at the oasis of Siwa in western Egypt (Matr Province), about 500 km west of the Nile and 250 km south of the Mediterranean coast, by a little less than 15,000 people, forming a majority of the oasis' population.